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Example 2: (2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-2-ethyl-3,4,10,13-tetrahydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-15-oxo-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadec-11-yl]oxy]-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-3-yl] benzoate)
To a mixture of (2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-11-[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-3,4,10,13-tetrahydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one (Example 1) (0.5 g, 0.8500 mmol) and Triethylamine (428.2 mg, 4.23 mmol) in DCM (5 ml), cooled on ice, was added Benzoyl chloride (356.9 mg, 2.54 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to reach room temperature. After 3 days good conversion to the desired benzoylated product was obtained and the mixture was portioned between DCM and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated to a white foam. The product was purified using reversed phase chromatography (see general information)
antiandrogen, antineoplastic, BMS 986365, CC 94676, BMS-986365, CC-94676, CEL 010355,
VA228VR2DI,
Gridegalutamide is an investigational oral androgen receptor (AR) degrader being developed for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). It belongs to a class of drugs called proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which are designed to selectively degrade specific proteins by hijacking the ubiquitin-proteasome system.[1][2] CC-94676 employs a unique dual mechanism of action, combining AR degradation with AR antagonism, potentially offering advantages over traditional AR inhibitors in overcoming resistance mechanisms.[3] Initially developed by Celgene and now under Bristol Myers Squibb, CC-94676 has demonstrated AR protein degradation and suppression of tumor growth in CRPC mouse models.[2] As of 2024, CC-94676 is being evaluated in phase I clinical trials for patients with mCRPC who have progressed on androgen deprivation therapy and at least one prior secondary hormonal therapy.[1][2]
Gridegalutamide is a small molecule drug. The usage of the INN stem '-lutamide' in the name indicates that Gridegalutamide is a non-steroid antiandrogen. Gridegalutamide is under investigation in clinical trial NCT04428788 (Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of CC-94676 in Participants With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer). Gridegalutamide has a monoisotopic molecular weight of 818.32 Da.
GRIDEGALUTAMIDE is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of II (across all indications) and has 3 investigational indications.
Gridegalutamide is an orally bioavailable androgen receptor (AR) degrader, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, gridegalutamide causes degradation of AR, prevents AR-mediated signaling and inhibits the proliferation of AR-overexpressing tumor cells. AR plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
A Study to Evaluate the Drug Levels, Metabolism and Excretion, and Absolute Bioavailability of BMS-986365 in Healthy Male ParticipantsCTID: NCT06433505Phase: Phase 1Status: CompletedDate: 2025-03-26
Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of CC-94676 in Participants With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate CancerCTID: NCT04428788Phase: Phase 1Status: CompletedDate: 2025-12-22
PF-07038124 is under investigation in clinical trial NCT05298033 (Study of Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Crisaborole and PF-07038124 With and Without NBUVB in Vitiligo).
IDREBORMILAST is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of II (across all indications) and has 2 investigational indications.
Study of Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Crisaborole and PF-07038124 With and Without NBUVB in VitiligoCTID: NCT05298033Phase: Phase 2Status: CompletedDate: 2024-06-12
PDE4 Inhibition in Seborrheic Dermatitis and Papulopustular RosaceaCTID: NCT06013371Phase: Phase 2Status: TerminatedDate: 2025-04-24
A Study To Determine The Safety, Tolerability, Skin Irritation Potential, And PK Following Topical Application Of PF-07038124 In Healthy ParticipantsCTID: NCT04135560Phase: Phase 1Status: CompletedDate: 2020-05-14
Study to Evaluate the Safety, Local and Systemic Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Multiple-Dose Topical Administration of PF-07038124 in Japanese Healthy ParticipantsCTID: NCT04863417Phase: Phase 1Status: CompletedDate: 2024-01-25
Study To Assess Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability And Pharmacokinetics Of PF-07038124 Ointment In Participants With Atopic Dermatitis Or Plaque PsoriasisCTID: NCT04664153Phase: Phase 2Status: CompletedDate: 2022-08-26
Example 4: (R)-4-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 ,2-oxaborolan-2-ol
Method A:
To a mixture of (R)-(3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)propyl)boronic acid (Preparation 6, 55 g, 120 mmol) in IPA (247 mL) was added 5 M hydrogen chloride in IPA (37 mL, 185 mmol) at about 20 °C. The mixture was stirred for about 3 h and concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) and 1 N
HCI (500 mL) was added. The layers were separated and the EtOAc layer was extracted with 0.5 N HCI (2 x 200 mL). The aqueous extracts were combined with the separated acidic aqueous layer and washed with EtOAc (3 x 250 mL). The combined acidic aqueous layers were treated with K3PO4 to pH 5-6. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (1 x 500 mL, 2 x 200 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na2S04, filtered and concentrated to afford (R)-4-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 ,2-oxaborolan-2-ol (34.5 g, 88%). This was further purified by preparative SFC (Prep SFC Method C) to afford 29 g as a crude product. The crude product was dissolved in methanol (250 mL) and water (50 mL) and stirred at 20 °C for about 30 min before concentrating. The concentrated solution was partitioned between brine and EtOAc. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc extracts were combined with the separate EtOAc layer and were washed with brine, dried over Na2S04 and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in degassed EtOAc (200 mL) and degassed heptane (100 mL) was added slowly. Heptane was added until a precipitate was observed and and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight under N2. The solid was filtered to afford 8.08 g of product. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL). Heptane (25 mL) was slowly added and the mixture stirred overnight open to air. The solid was filtered to afford a second batch (6.16 g). This was repeated a second time to afford 3.0 g. The filtrate was stirred overnight to afford additional batches (2.09 g and 3.1 g) respectively. The solid batches were combined to afford (R)-4-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 ,2-oxaborolan-2-ol (22.3 g, 57%) as a crystalline solid. Ή NMR (DMSO-cfe, 400MHz): d 8.70 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.68 (s, 1 H), 8.42 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.93 (s, 1 H), 7.27 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.23-7.26 (m, 1 H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.28 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.46-3.54 (m, 1 H), 1 .71 -1 .80 (m, 2H), 1 .28-1 .35 (m, 1 H), 1 .15 (dd, J = 10.5, 16.4 Hz, 1 H), 1 .00 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). LCMS m/z = 328 [MH]+; RT [Analytical SFC Method B] = 7.30 min. [a]20D -23.7 (c = 0.9, EtOH).
Elemental analysis calculated (%) for Ci8H22BN04: C 66.08, H 6.78, N 4.28. Found: C 65.86, H 6.59, N 4.18.
Method B:
Step 1 : To THF (18.0 mL) was added 3-(3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)prop-1 -en-2-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridine (Preparation 50, 3.0 g, 7.25 mmol), [lr(COD)CI]2 (CAS 121 12-67-3, 36.9 mg, 0.054 mmol) and (S)[(Sp)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]-4-isopropyloxazoline (CAS 163169-29-7, 52.4 mg, 0.109 mmol). Additional THF (6.0 mL) was added to the mixture which was warmed to about 50 °C for about 5 min. Catecholborane (10.9 mL, 1 0M in THF) was added to the mixture and stirred at about 50 °C for about 1 h. The mixture was cooled to about 20 °C and treated with HCI (12.2 M, 1 .51 mL) over 1 min. The mixture was held at about 20 °C for about 1 h, afterwhich a precipitate had formed. The mixture was cooled to about 10 °C and filtered. The filtered solid was washed with THF (6.0 mL) and
Step 2: To a solution of (R)-4-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-yl)-1 ,2-oxaborolan-2-ol hydrochloride monohydrate (2.0 g, 5.24 mmol) in water (60 ml_) was added EtOAc (20 ml_). To the stirred mixture was added NaOH (1 N) dropwise to adjust the pH of the aqeous layer to 7-8. The mixture was stirred at about 20 °C for about 5 min. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 10 ml_). The combined EtOAc extracts were concentrated. The residue was dissolved in THF/MTBE (1 :3, 22 ml_) and stirred at about 20 °C overnight. The precipitate was filtered and dried under vacuum to afford (R)-4-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-yl)-1 ,2-oxaborolan-2-ol (1 .17 g, 68%) as a crystalline solid. Ή NMR (DMSO-cfe, 400MHz): d 8.70 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.68 (s, 1 H), 8.42 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.93 (s, 1 H), 7.27 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.23-7.26 (m, 1 H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.28 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.46-3.54 (m, 1 H), 1 .71 -1 .80 (m, 2H), 1 .28-1 .35 (m, 1 H), 1 .15 (dd, J = 10.5, 16.4 Hz, 1 H), 1 .00 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). LCMS m/z = 328 [MH]+.
Method C:
To a solution of (R)-(3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)propyl)boronic acid (Preparation 6, 29.0 g, 63.1 mmol) in THF (66 mL) was added aqueous HCI (84.2 mL, 252 mmol, 3.0 M) and stirred at 20 °C for about 1 .5 h. The mixture was concentrated. The mixture was diluted with 1 M HCI and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with 1 M HCI (3 x 50 mL). The combined aqueous extracts were neutralized with K3PO4 to pH 7-8 and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were dried over Na2S04, filtered and concentrated to afford (R)-4-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 ,2-oxaborolan-2-ol (19.0 g, 92%).
This was further purified by preparative SFC (Prep SFC Method C) to afford 18 g of the crude product. The crude product was dissolved in MeOH (100 mL) and water (50 mL). The mixture was partitioned between brine and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na2S04 and concentrated to afford 15 g of product. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (60 mL) and heptane (30 mL) was slowly added over about 3 h. The mixture was stirred at about 20 °C overnight. The precipitate was filtered and dried to afford (8.08 g). This process was repeated 2 more times to afford additional batches (2.01 g and 1 .03 g), respectively. The three batches were combined in heptane (100 mL), chilled to about -78 °C for about 10 min, filtered
and dried to afford (R)-4-(5-(4-methoxy-3-propoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 ,2-oxaborolan-2-ol (10.4 g, 51 %) as a crystalline solid. Ή NMR (DMSO -d6, 400MHz): d 8.70 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.68 (s,
Copper histidinate, sold under the brand name Zycubo, is a medication used for the treatment of Menkes disease.[1] Copper histidinate is a copper replacement therapy given by subcutaneous injection.[1][2]
The most common side effects include infections, respiratory problems, seizures, vomiting, fever, anemia and injection site reactions.[2]
Copper histidinate was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2026.[2]
Menkes disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a genetic defect that impairs a child's ability to absorb copper.[2] The disease is characterized by seizures, failure to gain weight and grow, developmental delays, and intellectual disability.[2] It leads to abnormalities of the vascular system, bladder, bowel, bones, muscles, and nervous system.[2]
SYN
A275388 — Flores-Pulido AA, Jimenez-Perez VM, Garcia-Chong NR: Sintesis y uso de histidinato de cobre en ninos con enfermedad de Menkes en Mexico. Gac Med Mex. 2019;155(2):191-195. doi: 10.24875/GMM.18004310. [PubMed:31056589]
World Health Organization (2025). "International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN): recommended INN: list 94". WHO Drug Information. 39 (3). hdl:10665/383022.
Clinical trial number NCT00811785 for "Molecular Bases of Response to Copper Treatment in Menkes Disease, Related Phenotypes, and Unexplained Copper Deficiency" at ClinicalTrials.gov
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the 
