Pregabalin
PREGABALIN
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Pregabalin (INN) /prɨˈɡæbəlɨn/ is an anticonvulsant drug used for neuropathic pain and as an adjunct therapy for partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in adults.[1] It has also been found effective for generalized anxiety disorder and is (as of 2007) approved for this use in the European Union and Russia. It was designed as a more potent successor to gabapentin. Pregabalin is marketed by Pfizer under the trade nameLyrica. Pfizer described in an SEC filing that the drug could be used to treat epilepsy, post-herpetic neuralgia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and fibromyalgia. Sales reached a record $3.063 billion in 2010. In Bangladesh Pregabalin is sold under the brand of Nervalin by Beximco Pharma It is effective at treating some causes of chronic pain such as fibromyalgia but not others. It is considered to have a low potential for abuse, and a limited dependence liability if misused, but is classified as a Schedule V drug in the U.S.
Lyrica is one of four drugs which a subsidiary of Pfizer in 2009 pleaded guilty to misbranding “with the intent to defraud or mislead”. Pfizer agreed to pay $2.3 billion (£1.4 billion) in settlement, and entered a corporate integrity agreement. Pfizer illegally promoted the drugs and caused false claims to be submitted to government healthcare programs for uses that were not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved pregabalin for adjunctive therapy for adults with partial onset seizures, management of postherpetic neuralgia andneuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and the treatment of fibromyalgia. Pregabalin has also been approved in the European Union and Russia(but not in US) for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.
A package of 150 mg pregabalin (Finland)
- (S)-Pregabalin, (S)-(+)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, a compound having the chemical structure,is also known as γ-amino butyric acid or (S)-3-isobutyl GABA. (S)-Pregabalin, marketed under the name LYRICA®, has been found to activate GAD (L-glutamic acid decarboxylase). (S)-Pregabalin has a dose dependent protective effect on-seizure, and is a CNS-active compound. (S)-Pregabalin is useful in anticonvulsant therapy, due to its activation of GAD, promoting the production of GABA, one of the brain’s major inhibitory neurotransmitters, which is released at 30 percent of the brains synapses. (S)-Pregabalin has analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic activity.
- [0003]Several processes for the synthesis of (S)-Pregabalin are known. For example, see DRUGS OF THE FUTURE, 24 (8), 862-870 (1999). One such process is illustrated in scheme 1.
- [0004]In Scheme 1, 3-isobutyl glutaric acid, compound 2, is converted into the corresponding anhydride, compound 3, by treatment with refluxing acetic anhydride. The reaction of the anhydride with NH4OH produces the glutaric acid mono-amide, compound 4, which is resolved with (R)-1-phenylethylamine, yielding the (R)-phenylethylamine salt of (R)-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, compound 5. Combining the salt with an acid liberates the R enantiomer, compound 6. Finally, a Hoffmann degradation with Br2/NaOH provides (S)-Pregabalin. A disadvantage of this method is that it requires separating the two enantiomers, thereby resulting in the loss of half the product, such that the process cost is high.
- [0005]Several stereoselective processes for the synthesis of (S)-Pregabalin have been disclosed. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,599,973 discloses the preparation of (S)-Pregabalin using stoichiometric (+)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone as a chiral auxiliary that may be recycled. In general, however, that route is of limited use for scale-up, principally due to the low temperature required for the reactions, the use of pyrophoric reagent, such as, butyl lithium, to side reactions, and due to a low overall yield.
- [0006]Another process is disclosed inU.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0212290 , which discloses asymmetric hydrogenation of a cyano-substituted olefin, compound 7, to produce a cyano precursor of (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methyl hexanoic acid, compound 8, as seen in scheme 2.
- [0007]Subsequent reduction of the nitrile in compound 8 by catalytic hydrogenation produces (S)-Pregabalin. The cyano hexenoate starting material, compound 7, is prepared from 2-methyl propanal and acrylonitrile (Yamamoto et al, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap., 58, 3397 (1985)). However, the disclosed method requires carbon monoxide under high pressure, raising serious problems in adapting this scheme for production scale processes.
- [0008]A process published by G.M. Sammis, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(15), 4442-43 (2003), takes advantage of the asymmetric catalysis of cyanide conjugate addition reactions. The method discloses the application of aluminum salen catalysts to the conjugate addition of hydrogen cyanide to α,β-unsaturated imides as shown in scheme 3. Reportedly, TMSCN is a useful source of cyanide that can be used in the place of HCN. Although the reaction is highly selective, this process is not practicable for large scale production due to the use of highly poisonous reagents. Moreover, the last reductive step requires high pressure hydrogen, which only adds to the difficulties required for adapting this scheme for a production scale process.
- [0009]In 1989, Silverman reported a convenient synthesis of 3-alkyl-4-amino acids compounds in SYNTHESIS, Vol. 12, 953-944 (1989). Using 2-alkenoic esters as a substrate, a series of GABA analogs were produced by Michael addition of nitromethane to α,β-unsaturated compounds, followed by hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure of the nitro compound to amine moiety as depicted in scheme 4.
- [0010]Further resolution of compound 14 may be employed to resolve Pregabalin. This, of course, results in the loss of 50 percent of the product, a serious disadvantage. However, the disclosed methodology reveals that the nitro compound can serve as an intermediate for the synthesis of 3-alkyl-4-amino acids.
- [0011]Recent studies have indicated that cinchona alkaloids are broadly effective in chiral organic chemistry. A range of nitroalkenes were reportedly treated with dimethyl or diethyl malonate in THF in the presence of cinchona alkaloids to provide high enantiomeric selectivity of compound 15,and its analogues. For example, see H. Li, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 126(32), 9906-07 (2004). These catalysts are easily accessible from either quinine or quinidine, and are reportedly highly efficient for a synthetically C-C bond forming asymmetric conjugate addition as shown in scheme 5.
- [0012]R3 represents several alkyl and aryl groups. The scope of the reaction has been extended to other nitroolefins and applied to prepare ABT-546 employing bis(oxazoline)Mg(OTf)2. See, for example, D.M. Barnes, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124(44), 13097-13105 (2002).
- [0013]Other groups have investigated a new class of bifunctional catalysts bearing a thiourea moiety and an amino group on a chiral scaffold. SeeT. Okino, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(1), 119-125 (2005). On the basis of a catalytic Michael addition to the nitroolefin with enantiomeric selectivity, they were able to prepare a series of analogues of compound 15.
- [0014]Thus, there is a need in the art for new processes for the preparation of (S)-Pregabalin that does not suffer from the disadvantages mentioned above. Chemical Abstracts, database accession no. 2005:236589 refers to a process for the synthesis of pregabalin using methyl cyanoacetate, by condensation, addition, cyclization, aminolysis, Hoffmann rearrangement and resolution with (S)-mandelic acid.
Karenewsky, D. S., et al., J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 3744-3747, discloses reaction of a glutaric acid anhydride with (S)-1-phenyethylamine to prepare the corresponding amide, which is subsequently used to prepare β-ketophosphonate derivatives.
Verma, R., et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, 1999, 257-264, discloses desymmetrization of prochiral anhydrides with Evans’ oxazolidinones to prepare homochiral glutaric and adipic acid derivatives.
Shintani, R. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41 (6), 1057-1059, discloses the desymmetrization of various glutaric acid anhydrides using Grignard reagents in the presence of (-)-sparteine
Yu H.-J, Shao C, Cui Z, Feng C.-G, * Lin G.-Q. * Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, P. R. of China
Highly Enantioselective Alkenylation of Cyclic α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds as Catalyzed by a Rhodium–Diene Complex: Application to the Synthesis of (S)-Pregabalin and (–)-α-Kainic Acid.Chem. Eur. J. 2012;18: 13274-13278
Highly Enantioselective Alkenylation of Cyclic α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds as Catalyzed by a Rhodium–Diene Complex: Application to the Synthesis of (S)-Pregabalin and (–)-α-Kainic Acid.Chem. Eur. J. 2012;18: 13274-13278
Pregabalin (Lyrica®) is a lipophilic GABA analogue that is prescribed for the treatment of epilepsy. This short, small-scale synthesis of pregabalin features a highly enantioselective asymmetric conjugate addition of the alkenyl trifluoroborate B to the α,β-unsaturated lactam A catalyzed by a rhodium complex incorporating the chiral bicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,5-diene ligand L.
A further 17 examples of this new variant of the Hayashi–Miyaura asymmetric conjugate addition reaction are reported using six α,β-unsaturated carbonyl substrates and ten alkenyl trifluoroborates. The asymmetric conjugate addition was also applied to the synthesis of the potent neuroexcitatory agent α-kainic acid (seven steps, 40% overall yield).
fruits from Rosaceae family (Genus: Prunus). The collected fruits are peach (Prunus persica), Himalayan wild cherry (Prunus avium), Red Indian plum (Prunusdomestica), Himalayan plum (Prunus americana), apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and shakarpara (white apricot, a hybrid cultivar of normal apricot found in Nepal and India). All the six newly found HNLs are R-selective, i.e., they yield R-mandelonitrile from benzaldehyde bySi-facial attack of the cyanide anion. The enantioselectivity obtained for the formation of mandelonitriles by all the six HNLs are in the range of 60-93%. The best results are obtained with PavHNL and ParsHNL (both provide 93% ee), where as PpHNL is the least enantioselective (provides 60% ee for R-mandelonitrile formation). The main object of the project proposal will be the development of efficient biocatalytic route for various value added products such as Pregablin, Baclofen and Pril drugs
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