Teva secures FDA approval for new formulation of COPAXONE

Israel-based Teva Pharmaceuticals has received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its supplemental new drug application (sNDA) for three-times-a-week COPAXONE 40mg/mL, a new dose of COPAXONE (glatiramer acetate injection) indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS).

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Teva secures FDA approval for new formulation of COPAXONE 


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All about drugs... anthony crasto

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VITAMINS, COMMON INFORMATION

VITAMINS, COMMON INFORMATION

A vitamin (US /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/ or UK /ˈvɪtəmɪn/) is an organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animals, and biotin (vitamin H) and vitamin D are required in the human diet only in certain circumstances.

Thiamin What it does: helps convert the food we eat to the energy we need Foods that have thiamin: spinach, tomato juice, watermelon, sunflower seeds, ham Deficiency problems: weakness, tingling in feet and hands, poor coordination
Riboflavin - named for its yellow color (flavus means yellow in Latin) What it does: helps convert the food we eat to the energy we need Foods that have riboflavin: milk, cheese, liver, broccoli, asparagus, spinach Deficiency problems: eye disorders, cracks at corners of mouth, swollen tongue
Niacin What it does: helps our body use the fat and sugar we eat for energy helps keep our skin healthy Foods that have niacin: mushrooms, tuna, green beans, broccoli, spinach, breakfast cereals Deficiency problems: diarrhea, skin problems, mental disorientation
Vitamin B6 What it does: helps make red blood cells helps our body use the fat and protein we eat for energy Foods that have vitamin B6: spinach, broccoli, tomato juice, banana, watermelon, chicken breast Deficiency problems: headache, convulsions, vomiting, flaky skin, sore tongue
Folate What it does: helps to make new cells helps prevent heart disease Foods that have folate: asparagus, broccoli, corn flakes, green beans, tomato juice, beans Deficiency problems: diarrhea, mental disorders, poor growth
Vitamin B12 What it does: helps to make new cells Foods that have vitamin B12: meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese, eggs Deficiency problems: anemia, poor nerve function
Vitamin C- almost all animals make vitamin C in their bodies (only humans, guinea pigs, some bats, and some fish don’t) What it does: protects cells from damage helps keep bones and skin healthy may help prevent cancer and heart disease Foods that have vitamin C: oranges, strawberries, peppers, kiwi, brussel sprouts, broccoli, spinach Deficiency problems: bleeding gums, tiredness, weakness, sore muscle

Vitamin A - discovered in 1913 What it does: helps with eyesight keeps skin healthy helps with growth of body organs (like bones) Foods that have vitamin A: liver, fish, milk, butter, eggs, carrots Deficiency problems: night blindness, poor growth, dry skin
Vitamin D - made in the skin by the sun What it does: helps bones grow strong Foods that have vitamin D: egg yolks, liver, butter, milk Deficiency problems: rickets (deformed bones), weak bones
Vitamin E - called the antiaging vitamin What it does: protects lungs against pollution damage helps keep heart healthy may help protect against cancer Foods that have vitamin E: sweet potatoes, peanut butter, sunflower seeds, spinach, nuts Deficiency problems: nerve destruction, red blood cell destruction
Vitamin K - made by bacteria in our intestines What it does: helps make blood clot helps keep bones healthy Foods that have vitamin K: liver, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, milk, meat, eggs Deficiency problems: hemorrhage

……….

By convention, the term vitamin includes neither other essential nutrients, such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids (which are needed in larger amounts than vitamins) nor the large number of other nutrients that promote health but are otherwise required less often. Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present.

Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each “vitamin” refers to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin “generic descriptor” title, such as “vitamin A“, which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, and four known carotenoids. Vitamers by definition are convertible to the active form of the vitamin in the body, and are sometimes inter-convertible to one another, as well.

itamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some, such as vitamin D, have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism, or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (such as some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimesvitamin C). The largest number of vitamins, the B complex vitamins, function as precursors for enzyme cofactors, that help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. In this role, vitamins may be tightly bound to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups: For example, biotin is part of enzymes involved in making fatty acids. They may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes, detachable molecules that function to carry chemical groups or electrons between molecules. For example, folic acid may carry methyl, formyl, and methylene groups in the cell. Although these roles in assisting enzyme-substrate reactions are vitamins’ best-known function, the other vitamin functions are equally important.

Until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake, and changes in diet (which, for example, could occur during a particular growing season) usually greatly altered the types and amounts of vitamins ingested. However, vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary and food supplements and additives, since the middle of the 20th century.,,,,,,,

List of vitamins

Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and, therefore, most have multiple functions.

VITAMIN GENERIC DESCRIPTOR NAME	VITAMERCHEMICAL NAME(S) (LIST NOT COMPLETE)	SOLUBILITY	RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES (MALE, AGE 19–70)[6]	DEFICIENCY DISEASE	UPPER INTAKE LEVEL (UL/DAY)[6]	OVERDOSE DISEASE	FOOD SOURCES
VITAMIN A	Retinol, retinal, and four carotenoids including beta carotene	Fat	900 µg	Night-blindness,Hyperkeratosis, andKeratomalacia[7]	3,000 µg	Hypervitaminosis A	Orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach, liver, soy milk, milk
VITAMIN B1	Thiamine	Water	1.2 mg	Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome	N/D[8]	Drowsiness or muscle relaxation with large doses.[9]	Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
VITAMIN B2	Riboflavin	Water	1.3 mg	Ariboflavinosis	N/D		Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
VITAMIN B3	Niacin, niacinamide	Water	16.0 mg	Pellagra	35.0 mg	Liver damage (doses > 2g/day)[10] and other problems	Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
VITAMIN B5	Pantothenic acid	Water	5.0 mg[11]	Paresthesia	N/D	Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.[12]	Meat, broccoli, avocados
VITAMIN B6	Pyridoxine,pyridoxamine,pyridoxal	Water	1.3–1.7 mg	Anemia[13] peripheral neuropathy.	100 mg	Impairment ofproprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)	Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
VITAMIN B7	Biotin	Water	30.0 µg	Dermatitis, enteritis	N/D		Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, certain vegetables
VITAMIN B9	Folic acid, folinic acid	Water	400 µg	Megaloblastic anemiaand Deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube defects	1,000 µg	May mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency;other effects.	Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
VITAMIN B12	Cyanocobalamin,hydroxycobalamin,methylcobalamin	Water	2.4 µg	Megaloblastic anemia[14]	N/D	Acne-like rash [causality is not conclusively established].	Meat and other animal products
VITAMIN C	Ascorbic acid	Water	90.0 mg	Scurvy	2,000 mg	Vitamin C megadosage	Many fruits and vegetables, liver
VITAMIN D	Cholecalciferol	Fat	10 µg[15]	Rickets andOsteomalacia	50 µg	Hypervitaminosis D	Fish, eggs, liver, mushrooms
VITAMIN E	Tocopherols,tocotrienols	Fat	15.0 mg	Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemiain newborn infants.[16]	1,000 mg	Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large randomized study.[17]	Many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds
VITAMIN K	phylloquinone,menaquinones	Fat	120 µg	Bleeding diathesis	N/D	Increases coagulation in patients taking warfarin.[18]	Leafy green vegetables such as spinach, egg yolks, liver

Purslane – The Gourmet Weed

Health benefits of Purslane

Purslane – The Gourmet Weed

• This wonderful green leafy vegetable is very low in calories (just 16 kcal/100g) and fats; nonetheless, it is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
• Fresh leaves contain surprisingly more omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) than any other leafy vegetable plant. 100 grams of fresh purslane leaves provide about 350 mg of α-linolenic acid. Research studies show that consumption of foods rich in ω-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and help prevent the development of ADHD, autism, and other developmental differences in children.
• It is an excellent source of Vitamin A, (1320 IU/100 g, provides 44% of RDA) one of the highest among green leafy vegetables. Vitamin A is a known powerful natural antioxidant and is essential for vision. This vitamin is also required to maintain healthy mucus membranes and skin. Consumption of natural vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin A is known to help to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers.
• Purslane is also a rich source of vitamin C, and some B-complex vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine and carotenoids, as well as dietary minerals, such as iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and manganese.
• Furthermore, present in purslane are two types of betalain alkaloid pigments, the reddish beta-cyaninsand the yellow beta-xanthins. Both pigment types are potent anti-oxidants and have been found to have anti-mutagenic properties in laboratory studies. [Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 45: 101-103 (2002)].

Portulaca oleracea (common purslane, also known as verdolaga, pigweed, little hogweed, or pursley, and moss rose) is an annual succulent in the family Portulacaceae, which may reach 40 cm in height.

Greek salad with Purslane

Approximately forty varieties currently are cultivated.[1] It has an extensive Old World distribution extending from North Africa through the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinentto Malesia and Australasia. The species status in the New World is uncertain: in general, it is considered an exotic weed, however, there is evidence that the species was in Crawford Lake deposits (Ontario) in 1430-89 AD, suggesting that it reached North America in the pre-Columbian era.[2] It is naturalised elsewhere and in some regions is considered an invasiveweed. It has smooth, reddish, mostly prostrate stems and alternate leaves clustered at stem joints and ends. The yellow flowers have five regular parts and are up to 6 mm wide. Depending upon rainfall, the flowers appear at anytime during the year. The flowers open singly at the center of the leaf cluster for only a few hours on sunny mornings. Seeds are formed in a tiny pod, which opens when the seeds are mature. Purslane has a taproot with fibrous secondary roots and is able to tolerate poor, compacted soils and drought.

A Purslane cultivar grown as a vegetable

Although purslane is considered a weed in the United States, it may be eaten as a leaf vegetable. It has a slightly sour and salty taste and is eaten throughout much of Europe, the middle east, Asia, and Mexico.[1][3] The stems, leaves and flower buds are all edible. Purslane may be used fresh as a salad, stir-fried, or cooked as spinach is, and because of its mucilaginous quality it also is suitable for soups and stews. Australian Aborigines use the seeds to make seedcakes. Greeks, who call it andrakla (αντράκλα) or glystrida (γλυστρίδα), fry the leaves and the stems with feta cheese, tomato, onion, garlic, oregano, and olive oil, add it in salads, boil it or add to casseroled chicken. In Turkey, besides being used in salads and in baked pastries, it is cooked as a vegetable similar to spinach. InAlbania it is called burdullak, and also is used as a vegetable similar to spinach, mostly simmered and served in olive oil dressing, or mixed with other ingredients as a filling for dough layers of byrek. In the south of Portugal (Alentejo), “baldroegas” are used as a soup ingredient.

Purslane contains more omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid in particular[4]) than any other leafy vegetable plant. Studies have found that Purslane has 0.01 mg/g ofeicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This is an extraordinary amount of EPA for a land-based vegetable source. EPA is an Omega-3 fatty acid found mostly in fish, some algae, and flax seeds.[5] It also contains vitamins (mainly vitamin A, vitamin C, Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)[6] and some vitamin B and carotenoids), as well as dietary minerals, such asmagnesium, calcium, potassium, and iron. Also present are two types of betalain alkaloid pigments, the reddish betacyanins (visible in the coloration of the stems) and the yellow betaxanthins (noticeable in the flowers and in the slight yellowish cast of the leaves). Both of these pigment types are potent antioxidants and have been found to have antimutagenic properties in laboratory studies.[7]

100 Grams of fresh purslane leaves (about 1 cup) contain 300 to 400 mg of alpha-linolenic acid.[8] One cup of cooked leaves contains 90 mg of calcium, 561 mg of potassium, and more than 2,000 IUs of vitamin A. A half-cup of purslane leaves contains as much as 910 mg of oxalate, a compound implicated in the formation of kidney stones; however, many common vegetables, such as spinach, also can contain high concentrations of oxalates. Cooking purslane reduces overall soluble oxalate content by 27%, which is important considering its suggested nutritional benefits of being part of a healthy diet.[9]

When stressed by low availability of water, purslane, which has evolved in hot and dry environments, switches to photosynthesis usingCrassulacean acid metabolism (the CAM pathway): At night its leaves trap carbon dioxide, which is converted into malic acid (the souring principle of apples), and, in the day, the malic acid is converted into glucose. When harvested in the early morning, the leaves have ten times the malic acid content as when harvested in the late afternoon, and thus have a significantly more tangy taste.

Portulaca oleracea showing blooms

Seed pods, closed and open, revealing the seeds

Known as Ma Chi Xian (pinyin: translates as “horse tooth amaranth”) in traditional Chinese medicine, its active constituents include: noradrenaline, calcium salts, dopamine,DOPA, malic acid, citric acid, glutamic acid, asparagic acid, nicotinic acid, alanine, glucose, fructose, and sucrose.[10] Betacyanins isolated from Portulaca oleracea improved cognition deficits in aged mice.[11] A rare subclass of Homoisoflavonoids, from the plant, showed in vitro cytotoxic activities towards four human cancer cell lines.[12]Use is contraindicated during pregnancy and for those with cold and weak digestion.[10]Purslane is a clinically effective treatment for oral lichen planus,[13] and its leaves are used to treat insect or snake bites on the skin,[14] boils, sores, pain from bee stings, bacillary dysentery, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, postpartum bleeding, and intestinal bleeding.[10]

Portulaca oleracea efficiently removes bisphenol A, an endocrine-disrupting chemical, from a hydroponic solution. How this happens is unclear.[15]

Purslane, also known as Khulpha, Khursa in Hindi or Ghol in Marathi, is a water-retaining plant that can reach a height of 6″ – 12”. It’s smooth, reddish, thick leaves are wedge shaped. The leaves are alternately clustered at stem joints and are greenish on top and purplish on the underside.

The very tiny yellow flowers are around 6 mm wide and depending upon rainfall, the flowers appear at anytime during the year. Purslane has a taproot with fibrous secondary roots and is able to tolerate poor, compacted soils and drought.

It’s smooth, reddish, thick leaves are wedge shaped. The leaves are alternately clustered at stem joints and are greenish on top and purplish on the underside.

All that purslane needs to grow is part to full sun and clear ground. They are not picky about soil type or nutrition. If you decide to plant purslane seeds, simply scatter the seeds over the area that you plan on growing the purslane. Do not cover the seeds with soil. Purslane seeds need light to germinate, so they must stay on the surface of the soil. If you are using Purslane cuttings, lay them on the ground where you plan on growing purslane. Water the stems and they should take root in the soil in a few days.

About a month after the seeds are planted, the first flowers will begin to appear. Once the flowers open, the seeds will begin to set within about a week to ten days. Since the Purslane is an invasive plant, it is difficult to get rid of. This is because the plant has stored enough energy for the seeds to continue to mature even after you pull the plant. Therefore, if you are trying to get rid of purslane, don’t try to compost it. If the compost pile is not hot enough to destroy the seeds, you will end up with more plants you don’t want.

Purslane is ready to harvest in about 2 months from the time the seeds are sown. Make sure to harvest it regularly and be aware that it can become invasive. Harvesting before it develops flowers will help cut down on its spreading. Generally, you can harvest two or three times before the plants are exhausted.

The erect, tangy and succulent stems are high in Vitamin C. The leaves contain the highest concentration of Omega-3 fatty acids found in land plants. This is 5 times more than Spinach and 10 times more than any Lettuce or Mustard. It also contains Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and some Vitamin B and carotenoids as well as dietary minerals such as Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium and Iron.

100 Grams of fresh purslane leaves contain 300 to 400 mg of essential fatty acids (EFAs). One cup of cooked leaves contains 90 mg of Calcium, 561 mg of Potassium, and more than 2,000 IUs of Vitamin A.

As a companion plant, Purslane provides ground cover to create a humid microclimate for nearby plants, stabilizing ground moisture. Its deep roots bring up moisture and nutrients that those plants can use, and some, including corn, will “follow” purslane roots down through harder soil that they cannot penetrate on their own.

As a companion plant, Purslane provides ground cover to create a humid microclimate for nearby plants, stabilizing ground moisture. Its deep roots bring up moisture and nutrients that those plants can use, and some, including corn, will “follow” purslane roots down through harder soil that they cannot penetrate on their own (ecological facilitation). It is known as a beneficial weed in places that do not already grow it as a crop in its own right.

Widely used in East Mediterranean countries, archaeobotanical finds are common at manyprehistoric sites. In historic contexts, seeds have been retrieved from a protogeometric layer in Kastanas, as well as from the Samian Heraion dating to seventh century B.C. In the fourth century B.C., Theophrastus names purslane, andrákhne (ἀνδράχνη), as one of the several summer pot herbs that must be sown in April (H.P 7.12).[16] As portulaca it figures in the long list of comestibles enjoyed by the Milanese given by Bonvesin de la Riva in his “Marvels of Milan” (1288).[17]

In antiquity, its healing properties were thought so reliable that Pliny advised wearing the plant as an amulet to expel all evil (Natural History 20.120).[16]

A common plant in parts of India, purslane is known as Sanhti, Punarva, or Kulfa.

• The name verdolaga, associated with the plant that grows in South America is a nickname for Football clubs with green-white schemes in their uniforms, such as Colombia‘s Atletico Nacional and Argentina‘s Ferrocarril Oeste.

1.  Marlena Spieler (July 5, 2006). “Something Tasty? Just Look Down”. The New York Times.
2.  Byrne, R. and McAndrews, J. H. (1975). “Pre-Columbian puslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) in the New World”. Nature 253(5494): 726–727. doi:10.1038/253726a0.
3.  Pests in Landscapes and Gardens: Common Purslane. Pest Notes University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 7461. October 2003
4. Jump up^ David Beaulieu. “Edible Landscaping With Purslane”. About.com.
5.  ARTEMIS P SIMOPOULOS Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Antioxidants in Edible Wild Plants. 2004. Biol Res 37: 263-277, 2004
6.  Simopoulos AP, Norman HA, Gillaspy JE, Duke JA. Common purslane: a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992;11(4):374-82.
7.  Evaluation of the Antimutagenic Activity of Different Vegetable Extracts Using an In Vitro Screening Test
8.  A. P. Simopoulos, H. A. Norman, J. E. Gillaspy, and J. A. Duke. Common purslane: a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol 11, Issue 4 374-382, Copyright © 1992
9.  http://world-food.net/oxalate-content-of-raw-and-cooked-purslane/
10. Tierra, C.A., N.D., Michael (1988). Planetary Herbology. Lotus Press. p. 199.
11.  Wang CQ. Yang GQ., “Betacyanins from Portulaca oleracea L. ameliorate cognition deficits and attenuate oxidative damage induced by D-galactose in the brains of senescent mice.,Phytomedicine. 17(7):527-32, 2010 Jun.
12.  Yan J, Sun LR, Zhou ZY, Chen YC, Zhang WM, Dai HF, Tan JW “Homoisoflavonoids from the medicinal plant Portulaca oleracea.” Phytochemistry. 2012 Aug;80:37-41
13.  Agha-Hosseini F, Borhan-Mojabi K, Monsef-Esfahani HR, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Etemad-Moghadam S, Karagah A (Feb 2010). “Efficacy of purslane in the treatment of oral lichen planus”.Phytother Res. 24 (2): 240–4. doi:10.1002/ptr.2919.PMID 19585472.
14.  Bensky, Dan, et al. Chinese Herbal Medicine, Materia Medica. China: Eastland Press Inc., 2004.
15.  Watanabe I. Harada K. Matsui T. Miyasaka H. Okuhata H. Tanaka S. Nakayama H. Kato K. Bamba T. Hirata K.”Characterization of bisphenol A metabolites produced by Portulaca oleracea cv. by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.” , Biotechnology & Biochemistry. 76(5):1015-7, 2012.
16. Megaloudi Fragiska (2005). “Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity”.Environmental Archaeology 10 (1): 73–82.Noted by John Dickie, Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and Their Food (New York, 2008), p. 37.
17. Noted by John Dickie, Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and Their Food (New York, 2008), p. 37.

• 
  “Portulaca oleracea”. FloraBase. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia.
• Online Field guide to Common Saltmarsh Plants of Queensland
• Portulaca oleracea in West African plants – A Photo Guide.
• Purslane Recipes, Prairieland Community Supported Agriculture

more info………..

PURSLANE, RAW

NUTRITIONAL VALUE PER 100 G (3.5 OZ)
ENERGY	84 kJ (20 kcal)
CARBOHYDRATES	3.39 g
FAT	0.36 g
PROTEIN	2.03 g
WATER	92.86 g
Vitamin A	1320 IU
Thiamine (vit. B1)	0.047 mg (4%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)	0.112 mg (9%)
Niacin (vit. B3)	0.48 mg (3%)
Vitamin B6	0.073 mg (6%)
Folate (vit. B9)	12 μg (3%)
Vitamin C	21 mg (25%)
Vitamin E	12.2 mg (81%)
Calcium	65 mg (7%)
Iron	1.99 mg (15%)
Magnesium	68 mg (19%)
Manganese	0.303 mg (14%)
Phosphorus	44 mg (6%)
Potassium	494 mg (11%)
Zinc	0.17 mg (2%)
Link to USDA Database entry Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Preparation and serving methods

The stems and flower buds are also edible. Trim the tough stems near roots using a sharp knife. Cook under low temperature for a shorter period in order to preserve the majority of nutrients. Although antioxidant properties are significantly decreased on frying and boiling, its minerals, carotenes and flavonoids may remain intact with steam cooking.

India gift to the world

In fact, among the many names given to purslane around the world, there are some like the old Arabic baqla hamqa or the Spanish verdilacas or yerba orate that mean crazy plant. It is a reference not just to its appearance, but to the madly unrestrained way it grows, spreading rapidly in all directions at ground level in a mesh of stems, roots and leaves, which is one reason why for many gardeners purslane is one of the most annoying weeds.

Added to this is its remarkable resilience — it stores water it in its succulent stems and leaves, allowing it to tolerate hot, dry conditions, and can produce over 240,000 tiny seeds per plant, making it really hard to remove. It’s no surprise that purslane has spread remarkably widely, growing in different forms in most parts of the world and known by a wide variety of names such as portulaca or little door, from the way its seed pod opens, or the Hebrew regelah or foot, since that’s near where it grows, though the most unusual must be the term from Malawi that translates as ‘the buttocks of the chief’s wife”, an apparent reference to the fleshy rounded leaves of some forms.

Despite this wide range, most botanical studies give India as the origin for purslane, and some writers, like the American expert on wild food, Euell Gibbons, have even labelled it “India’s gift to the world.” But it is a gift that we have largely forgotten about, since few people here eat purslane these days, or even know that this weed is edible. It is rarely cultivated, but gathered from the wild and only rarely appears in places like Bhaji Gully because few know its value, other than old people or poor migrants from rural areas who have some memory of eating it.

One who did know the value of luni was Mahatma Gandhi, and while it’s a bit of a stretch to describe purslane as his favourite food, as some of its enthusiasts abroad have done, he did recommend it to several people and, in an article in his magazine Harijan, he wrote about “the nourishing properties of the innumerable leaves that are to be found hidden among the grasses that grow wild in India.” He had discovered these while living in Wardha and following a diet of uncooked food that required what he felt was an unreasonable amount of purchases from the local market. So he was delighted when an ashram resident “brought to me a leaf that was growing wild among the Ashram grasses. It was luni. I tried it, and it agreed with me.” It soon was a regular part of his diet.

Gandhi’s recommendations, of course, are no guide to taste, since he didn’t believe in enjoying food for its own sake. But luni has a pleasant lightly acid taste when raw, though with a slightly grassy, earthy undertone that does take some getting used to. It is probably never going to be one of those foods you have to try-before-you-die, but it is not bad at all to eat, either raw in a salad, or cooked. I find that the version we get here, which is rather less fleshy than purslane I’ve seen abroad, is worth stir-frying or adding to a dal, which brings out a nice, slightly peanutty taste. Another interesting way to cook it is in the Persian style, first sautéing it with onions and then cooking with eggs to make a firm omelette that has a nicely herbal taste when cut up and eaten cold.

The real reason for valuing purslane though is not taste, but health. It has always had a reputation for medicinal properties, with physicians over the centuries, from India to the Middle East to Europe, recommending it for everything from reducing fever, removing worms and soothing urinary infections. But modern science has made clear why it is of such value: apart from providing significant amounts of vitamins A, B and C. and decent amounts of protein, purslane probably contains more omega-3 fatty acids than any other commonly available vegetable source.

These fatty acids are essential for reducing cholesterol and heart diseases, but their most easily accessible source is oily fish, which makes it hard for vegetarians to get them. Some health conscious ones do force themselves to swallow fish oil capsules, or eat alsi (flax seeds) which are also a decent source of omega-3 acids. But purslane is probably a better source, and can be cooked and eaten as part of one’s meal. (The only caution is for people prone to kidney stones, since it also contains high levels of the oxalates which cause them). Luni may seem like a crazy thing to eat, but when people around the world are realising the value of this Indian plant, it is the way we are letting it become forgotten that may be what is really loony.